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By consulting ancient and modern literature， the herbal textual research of Farfarae Flos has been conducted to verify the name， origin， producing area， quality evaluation， harvesting and processing methods， so as to provide reference for the development and utilization of the famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos. According to the research， the results showed that Farfarae Flos was first described as a medicinal material by the name of Kuandonghua in Shennong Bencaojing（《神农本草经》）， and the name was used and justified by later generations. The main origin was the folwer buds of Tussilago farfara， in addition， the flower buds of Petasites japonicus were used as medicine in ancient times. The ancient harvesting time of Farfarae Flos was mostly in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar， and the modern harvesting time is in December or before the ground freeze when the flower buds have not been excavated. Hebei， Gansu， Shaanxi are the authentic producing areas with the good quality products. Since modern times， its quality is summarized as big， fat， purple-red color， no pedicel is better. Processing method from soaking with licorice water in the Northern and Southern dynasties to stir-frying with honey water followed by micro-fire in the Ming dynasty， and gradually evolved to the modern mainstream processing method of honey processing. Based on the research results， it is suggested that the dried flower buds of T. farfara， a Compositae plant， should be selected for the development of famous classical formulas containing Farfarae Flos， and the corresponding processed products should be selected according to the specific processing requirements of the formulas， and raw products are recommended for medicinal use without indicating processing requirements.
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ObjectiveBased on the experience of traditional quality evaluation， the quality of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（AMR） with different production methods such as direct seeding， transplanting after seedling raising， topping and non-topping， and difference in growth years was compared. MethodVernier caliper was used to measure the trait data of AMR in different production methods. Paraffin sections of AMR with different production methods were made by saffron solid green staining， and the microstructure was observed. The contents of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extracts in AMR with different production methods were determined according to the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of water-soluble total polysaccharides in AMR with different production methods was detected by sulfuric acid-anthrone method. Fiber analyzer was used to detect the content of fiber components in AMR with different production methods. The contents of monosaccharides， oligosaccharides and some secondary metabolites in AMR with different production methods were detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）， and the differences of chemical components were compared by multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis（PCA） and partial least squares-discriminant analysis（PLS-DA）. ResultIn terms of traits， the 3-year-old AMR with direct seeding and without topping was close to the high-quality AMR with "phoenix-head and crane-neck， strong sweetness and clear aroma" recorded in ancient materia medica， followed by the 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting， while the 2-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting with high market circulation rate was generally fat and strong with mild odor. In the microscopic aspect， the arrangement of xylem vessels and fiber bundles in the 3-year-old samples formed two obvious rings. Compared with the 2-year-old samples cultivated in Bozhou and Zhejiang， the 3-year-old samples without topping after transplanting had more wood fibers. In terms of chemical composition， the contents of 70% ethanol extract， fructose， glucose， sucrose， 1-kestose， atractylenolide Ⅰ， chlorogenic acid， neochlorogenic acid， cryptochlorogenic acid and other components in 3-year-old AMR with direct seeding and without topping were significantly higher than those in the other three samples（P<0.05）. The contents of cellulose， 70% ethanol extract， sucrose， atractylenolide Ⅰ， atractylone and other components in 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting were significantly higher than those in the 2-year-old AMR with high market circulation rate（P<0.05）， while the contents of water-soluble extract and water-soluble total polysaccharides in 2-year-old samples with topping after transplanting were significantly higher than those in the 3-year-old AMR with topping after transplanting， direct seeding and without topping（P<0.05）. ConclusionUnder the current mainstream production mode， too much manual intervention makes AMR heavily enriched in polysaccharides and increased the yield， but the accumulation of sweet substances， fragrant substances and fiber substances is insufficient， which affects its quality. The current quality standard of AMR has some shortcomings in guiding the high quality production of it， it is suggested to revise the quality standard of AMR， supplement the quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites， and strengthen the production of imitation wild AMR.
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This article systematically sorted out and researched the name， origin， harvesting and other aspects of Rhapontici Radix by referring to ancient materia medica， medical books and prescription books， combined with modern literature， in order to provide a reference basis for the development of the famous classical formulas containing this herb. According to the results of the herbal textual research， it can be seen that all the generations of the materia medica have taken Loulu as the proper name， and there are also aliases such as Luligen， Laowenghua and Jiahao. The mainstream base of Rhapontici Radix recorded in the past dynasties was the present Compositae plant Rhaponticum uniflorum， which is mostly used as medicine with roots. Since the Tang dynasty， the stems and leaves of Siphonostegia chinensis have been used as Rhapontici Radix in the northern region. Until modern times， Qizhou Pharmacognosy began to differentiate it into two categories， Qizhou Loulu and Yuzhou Loulu， according to the commodity circulation at that time， producing area and origin， of which Yuzhou Loulu is the roots of Echinops latifolius， a plant of Compositae family. In ancient times， the quality of Loulu was based on "the one that comes out of Shanzhou is the best". However， in modern times， the quality of Qizhou Loulu is better if the surface is black， neat， sturdy， firm， not broken， and without a withered heart， while the quality of Yuzhou Loulu is better if the branches are thick and long with an earthy-brown surface， solid texture and neat in length. In ancient times， most of the harvesting and processing of Loulu was "harvesting the roots in lunar August and drying them in the shade"， while in modern times， the roots are mostly excavated in the spring and autumn， and dried in the sun. Its ancient method of processing is to mix and steam with licorice， nowadays， it is prepared by removing impurities， washing， moistening thoroughly， cutting into thick slices and drying in the sun， and then taking the raw products as medicine. Based on the research conclusion， it is suggested that when developing and utilizing the famous classical formulas containing Loulu， the background of the formula should be verified， and if the original formula indicated the requirement of processing， it should be processed according to the requirement， but if not， it is recommended to use raw products as medicine.
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Mume Flos is a traditional Chinese medicinal material，with the effects of soothing the liver，resolving phlegm and dispelling stagnation. It was mainly used to treat globus hystericus，liver and stomach pain，loss of appetite，dizziness and scrofula. Mume Flos is native to China，with a long history of cultivation and application and complex and diverse varieties. There are hundreds varieties of Mume Flos，including fruiting Mei and flowering Mei. However，there was no ancient literature on which color of Mume Flos is the best traditional Chinese medicinal material among those with different colors，as well as relevant study report on the correlation between medicinal Mume Flos group and plant systematics. In order to define the origin，the author conducted the textual research on the changes in the origin，quality and producing areas of the Mume Flos in the past dynasties. According to the findings， traditional medicinal Mume Flos were mainly green calyx Mume Flos and white Mume Flos，and derived from flowering Mei of the true Mume branch. Among them， green calyx Mume Flos belonged to the green calyx group， while medicinal white Mume Flos belonged to the albo-plena group and the single-lobe group. The producing area of Mume Flos was first recorded in Sheng Nong's Herbal Classic，where now in southern Shaanxi province. After the Song dynasty，due to climate，social and economic factors，the producing areas of Mume Flos had continued to move southward from Shaanxi province to the Yangtze River and Dongting Lake basins. Till the Ming and Qing dynasties，the distribution of Mume Flos was also reported in Guangdong province and Hainan province. In modern times，due to the comprehensive impact of natural climate conditions and urbanization，the producing areas of medicinal Mume Flos had gradually changed from Sichuan province，Jiangsu province and Zhejiang province to southern Anhui province at present. In this paper，the textual research is conducted to define the origin and systematically summarize the changes in the producing areas of Mume Flos，so as to provide reference for defining the origin of Mume Flos and the groups of medicinal Mume Flos and making further development and utilization of resources.
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Rubi Fructus is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. The origin of Rubi Fructus is the dried fruit of Rubus chingii, a plant of the family Rosaceae, according to the 2015 edition of Chinese pharmacopoeia. There are some differences in the plant origin of Rubi Fructus in ancient herbal literature, to trace back its sources, we conducted a textual research on its origin, producing areas, quality evaluation, processing and concocting, properties, tastes and efficacy etc. based on the records of ancient herbal literatures and combined with plant morphology and related investigation. RESULTS:: showed that the variety of Rubi Fructus was more complex among ancient herbal literature, including R. coreanus, R. hirsutus, R. corchorifolius, R. foliolosus and other mixed varieties. Most scholars believe that the R. chingii has not been recorded in ancient herbal literature, while R. chingii was recorded as early as the Ming Dynasty in Compendium of materia medica through our textual research. Ancient Chinese herbs recorded that Rubi Fructus was mostly produced in Hubei, Shandong, Shanxi and Jiangsu provinces, while R. chingii mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian and other provinces nowadays. Also, it was recorded that Rubi Fructus harvested in wheat field during May were the best. Besides, R. chingii with big, full, grain integrate, firm, yellow and green color, sour taste and impurity free possess the best quality in the contemporary. The ancient records of processing and concocting, properties, tastes and efficacy were basically the same as modern ones.These results provide the basis for the correct utilization and further development of Rubi Fructus.
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Humans , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Fruit , Materia Medica , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , RubusABSTRACT
Objective: To identify and comprehensively evaluate Cynomorium songaricum from different producing areas in order to provide reference for the quality evaluation of C. songaricum and the determination of the suitability of the origin. Methods: A total of 40 samples from five provinces (regions) were collected to measure the content of gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechins, total polysaccharides, total flavonoids, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Sr, Ni, Ag, Ba, Ti, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd, As, and Hg. The data reflecting the quality of C. songaricum were analyzed by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and entropy weight TOPSIS analysis. Results: The contents of Mn, Zn, Co, catechin, Pb, Cr, Ca, Ti, total flavonoids, protocatechuic acid, Mg and Cu in C. songaricum are important for distinguishing different producing areas. The quality of C. songaricum in Inner Mongolia was the best in all provinces (regions), followed by Gansu, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Qinghai Provinces. Conclusion: The results of OPLS-DA combined with entropy weight TOPSIS analysis are reasonable, objective and effective, and can be applied to the comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators of C. songaricum.
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The stability of volatile oil quality of traditional Chinese medicine is an important prerequisite for its clinical efficacy and safety. The quality of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine is affected by many factors, such as location, producing area, harvest time, extraction process, processing process and so on, which leads to the difference of oil yield or chemical composition of volatile oil, affects the uniformity of volatile oil quality of traditional Chinese medicine, and then affects the curative effect of volatile oil. Therefore, how to control the quality of volatile oil is the key to the role of volatile oil in traditional Chinese medicine. In this paper, the effects of different parts of medicinal materials, different producing areas and different harvest periods on the quality of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine were analyzed, and the 2015 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia containing volatile oil was classified according to medicinal parts, and the differences of volatile oil components of traditional Chinese medicine were discussed in order to provide reference for the development of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine and the establishment of quality standard of volatile oil of traditional Chinese medicine.
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OBJECTIVE：To compare the chemical compo sition difference in methanol and petroleum ether fraction from Curcuma longa of different habitats. METHODS ：The ultrasonic method was used to extract C. longa from 7 defferent producingareas（S1-S7），and methanol and petroleum ether fraction were obtained and calculated yield. The curcumin compounds in methanol fraction were determined by LC-MS ；The chemical components in petroleum ether fraction were analyzed by GC-MS ， and the relative percentage content was determined by peak area normalization method after determining its structure by comparing NIST 2005 standard mass spectra and Wiley 275 standard mass spectra. SPSS 25.0 software was used for principle component analysis（PCA）and cluster analysis of relative percentage content of common components in petroleum ether fraction from C. longa of different habitats. At the same time ，the influence of latitude of the habitats on the content of total tumerone （by tumerone and ar-tumerone ）was analyzed. RESULTS ：The yield of methanol fraction were 1.35％-8.90％ from C. longa of 7 habitats；the yield of petroleum ether fraction were 0.81％-4.90％，which were the highest in C. longa from Longyan of Fujian Province. There was no significant difference in the relative content of curcumin compounds（reference peak area ）from S 1，S3-S7，which was in descending order as follows as curcumin ＞desmethoxycurcumin＞bisdemethoxycurcumin. There was slightly different in curcumin compounds of C. longa from S 2，mainly manifesting as the content of bisdemethoxycurcumin was higher than that from other producing areas. Totally 48 chemical compositions were identified from petroleum ether fraction in C. longa from different habitats ， mainly being sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids. 23，10，15，18，11，14，15 chemical compositions were identified from S1-S7，accounting for 94.49％，96.09％，95.66％，98.98％，99.24％，89.05％ and 97.27％. There were 4 common compositions in C. longa from different habitats ，which were tumerone （17.90％-43.07％），ar-tumerone（6.97％-33.66％），（6R，7R）-bisabolone （1.60％-4.28％），curlone（6.80％-20.63％）. PCA analysis showed that accumulative contribution rate of former 6 principle components was 100％. Cluster analysis showed that S1，S2， S6 was clustered into a category ，respecrively；and others intoa category. Total content of total tumerone decreased first and then increased as the increase of latitude ，which was the highest in Mianyang of Sichuan province （64.28％）and the lowest in Zhangzhou of Fujian province （26.92％）. CONCLUSIONS ： There are difference in composition and content of methanol and petroleum ether fractions in C. longa from different habitats.
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OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for simultaneous determination of 10 isoflavones in Belamcanda chinensis， and to evaluate the differences of active ingredient content of B. chinensis from different areas. METHODS： UPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.5 ％ methyl-β-cyclodextrin and 0.1％ phosphate as water phase， acetonitrile as organic phase （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 35 ℃， and the detection wavelength was set at 265 nm. The sample size was 2 μL， and analysis time was 20 min. The contents of 10 isoflavones in 26 samples from 8 provinces， including tectoridin， iristectorin A， iristectorin B， iridin， tectorigenin， iristectorigenin B， iristectorigenin A， irigenin， irisflorentin， dichotomitin， were determined. RESULTS： The linear ranges of tectoridin， iristectorin A， iristectorin B， iridin， tectorigenin， iristectorigenin B， iristectorigenin A， irigenin， irisflorentin， dichotomitin were 8.569 5-342.78， 0.643-25.72， 1.119 8-44.79， 2.187 8-87.51， 0.770 3-30.81， 0.421 3- 16.85， 0.288 5-11.54， 1.795 3-71.81， 0.560 8-22.43， 0.086-3.44 μg/mL（all r≥0.999 6）. The limits of quantitation were 0.015， 0.102， 0.096， 0.013， 0.036， 0.088， 0.102， 0.019， 0.067， 0.092 μg/mL. RSDs of precision， stability（24 h）and reproducibility tests were lower than 2.00％ （n＝6）. The recoveries ranged 95.30％-103.30％ （all RSD≤2.33％， n＝6）. Among 26 samples of B. chinensis， the content of tectoridin was the highest （3.66％-57.79％）， and the content of dichotomitin was the lowest （0.09％- 0.59％）， the contents of irisflorentin were 0.29-2.80 mg/g. The contents of isoflavones in B. chinensis from different areas were different greatly. CONCLUSIONS： The established method is sensitive， with short analysis time and good repeatability， and can be used to determine the content of 10 isoflavones and evaluate the content difference of each component.
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OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus,and to dis-cuss the effects of difterent producing area and part on the contents of heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. METHODS: The contents of arsenic(As),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd)and copper(Cu)were determined by atomic spectrophotometry(hydride generation method,cold vapor method,graphite furnace method and flame method). The difference in the contents of heavy metals in samples were compared among different producing areas by analyzing data. RESULTS:The linear range of As,Hg,Pb,Cu, Cd were 0-40 ng/mL(r=0.9930),0-0.9 ng/mL(r=0.9974),0-80 ng/mL(r=0.9955),0-8 ng/mL(r=0.9927),0-800 ng/mL(r=0.9966),respectively. Limit of quantitation were 4.473,2.35×10 - 3 ,8.380,2.128,54 ng/mL,limit of detection were 1.342,0.701× 10 - 3,2.514,0.632,16 ng/mL. RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.0%. The recoveries were 84.26% -102.25%(RSD=7.71% ,n=6),90.90% -115.31%(RSD=9.38% ,n=6),92.16% -105.70%(RSD=6.19% ,n=6), 90.81%-113.99%(RSD=8.86%,n=6),91.63%-102.79%(RSD=5.09%,n=6). The phenomenon that heavy metals of sample from Shandong and Hebei exceed the standard was the most serious. Main heavy metal which exceed the standard was Pb. The con-tent of Pb in Chamber was higher than other parts. CONCLUSIONS: The method is simple,precise,stable and reproducible,and can be used for simultaneous determination of 5 heavy metals in Vespae Nidus. There are different contents of heavy metal in Ves-pae Nidus of different producing areas and parts.
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OBJECTIVE:To compare the anti-inflammation,analgesia effects of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different leaf shapes(dahua leaf,xiaohua leaf)from different producing areas(Jiangyou,Butuo). METHODS:Animals were randomly divided into blank group(distilled water),positive group,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Ji-angyou,groups of Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo(with dose of 5 g/kg,calculated by crude drug). The an-ti-inflammation effect of decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with different variety sources and leaf shapes was investigated by xylene-induced ear swelling test (n=12) in mice and egg white-induced toe swelling test (n=10) in rats (positive drug was Dexamethasone acetate tablet,0.005 g/kg). And its analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid-induced writhing body reaction test(n=12)and hot-plate-induced pain test(n=12)in mice(positive drug was Morphine hydrochloride tablet,0.0025 g/kg). RE-SULTS:The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua,xiaohua leaf from Butuo and xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou can significantly reduce the ear swelling degree(P<0.01). The decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with dahua leaf from Jiangy-ou and Butuo can significantly decrease the toe swelling degree after 6 h of medication(P<0.05). And decoctions extracted from Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo can significantly reduce the number of writhing body in mice with acetic acid-in-duced pain and prolong the pain threshold of mice with hot-plate-induced pain (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS:Aconiti lateralis with dahua and xiaohua leaf from Butuo and with xiaohua leaf from Jiangyou show better anti-inflammation effect,and Aconiti lateralis with xiaohua leaf from Butuo shows better analgesic effect.
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Objective To study the effects of different drying processes on the effective constituents in Wen Codonopsis pilosula (WPP) Decoction Pieces; To develop the optimized producing and preparing integration process based on fresh WPP.MethodsFresh WPP in harvest period was prepared respectively as follows:① Fresh WPP was dried to different percentage (30%–100%) of original moisture contents of crude drugs at 80℃ in oven, then sliced and dried at 50℃ to obtain eight decoction pieces of WPP (XⅠYP1–8).② The fresh WPP was baked to 50% of water content of crude drug under different temperatures (50–120℃), respectively, then sliced and dried at 50℃ to obtain eight decoction pieces of WPP (XⅡYP1–8).③ Dried WPP was moistened, sliced and naturally dried, then were renamed as traditional decoction pieces. The contents of lobetyolin and atractylenolideⅢ was determined by HPLC. The phenol-sulfuric acid and colorimetric method were applied respectively to detect contents of polysaccharide and total flavonoids. The contents of aqueous and alcoholic extracts were determined simultaneously. Results The contents of alcoholic extracts (55.36%), aqueous extracts (54.91%) and atractylenolideⅢ (10.95 μg/g) in XⅠYP3 pieces were higher than other decoction pieces.Conclusion The optimized process was that fresh WPP was baked to water content of 50% at 80℃, then sliced and dried. Compared with conventional preparing methods,the integration process was time-saving and effort-saving. Meanwhile, the prepared pieces have higher content of active ingredients.
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Human's application of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has a long history, but the origin remains unclear. Safflower was introduced into China for traditional Chinese medicine, and Sichuan was major producing area. However, in recent years, the main producing area is in Xinjiang province, in contrast Sichuan safflower is difficult to find. By reading relevant document literature and the production and marketing information of safflower, and having field investigation in the main producing areas, the origin of safflower and the reasons of producing areas' changes were explored. The origin of safflower is considered as the Fertile Crescent in reasonably. The change of producing areas in China is effected by the factors of natural environment and society. The suitability of producing areas and quality of safflower still need to study further.
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Gastrodia elata has been used in China for more than 2 000 years and it is a kind of valuable traditional Chinese medicine. The originrecords of G. elata were Mount Tai of Shandong and and Mount Song of Henan, which began in Wupu Bencao of Wei Jin Dynasties, and Tai'an and its surrounding areas had been the Do-di herbs production areas. But from the beginning of the Republic of China, G. elata origin has undergone major changes, Do-di herbs production areas moved westward to the southwest.In this paper,through literature research and field visits, we studied the formation and changes of Do-di herbs production areas of G. elata. The cultivation history and current main producing area of G. elata was also introduced. On this basis, we profoundly summarized the reasons of Do-di herbs production areas formation and changes from the nature, society, transportation, humanities and germplasm resources.Combining the ancient herbal medicine and the characteristics of modern producing areas, the planting strength of G. elata could be strengthened in the hope of providing reference for the quality evaluation and cultivation of G. elata.
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Dendrobium species on the ancient Chinese herbal texts were investigated in this paper, including their dscriptions of original species, producing areas and quality. Our results indicated that the major producing areas were Lu'an, Anhui province and Wenzhou, Taizhou, Zhejiang province. In addition, the sweet flavor, short, thin and solid stems were standing for good quality. Based on the stable producing areas and quality descriptions, D. catenatum (D. officinale) ("Tiepi Shihu") and D. houshanense were high quality medicinal Dendrobium species ("Shihu" ) in ancient China. Besides, there were 3 scientific names for "Tiepi Shihu", including D. candidum, D. officinale, D. catenatum. After textual investigation, We suggest that D. catenatum should be its scientific name, and D. officinale was synonyms published later. However, the name "D. officinale" could be reserved as it is much more popular used in publication and commodities. Moreover, its Chinese name should be "Tiepi Shihu".
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Taking Sichuan genuine crude drug Cyathulae Radix as the analysis object, to discuss the change reason of genuine origin. Cyathulae Radix is one of the famous genuine crude drugs in Sichuan province, Sichuan Tianquan is traditional genuine origin, and currently the main producing areas change to Baoxing, Jinkouhe, Xinglong, Hongchun, Enshi, and other places. By querying the data and field visits of the main producing areas of Cyathulae Radix, the producing area resources, environment, and cultivation status were investigated, the main reasons of Cyathulae Radix origin changes were analyzed from three aspects, such as natural environment, human intervention, and economic effect, so as to provide the reference for resources sustainable use of Cyathulae Radix and sustainable development of genuine crude drugs.
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OBJECTIVE:To detect the contents of chlorogenic acid and rutoside in Saussurea involucrate,and to optimize the decoction and extraction technology of S. involucrate from different producing areas. METHODS:The contents of chlorogenic acid and rutoside in 10 batches of S. involucrate from different producing areas were determined by HPLC. L9(34)orthogonal experiment was used to optimize the water amount,decoction times and decoction time using comprehensive score of extraction transport rate of chlorogenic acid and rutoside as index. The verification test was also conducted. RESULTS:The contents of chlorogenic acid and rutoside in 10 batches of S. involucrate were 0.380%-0.546% and 0.334%-0.617%;the optimal decoction technology was as follows as the amout of crude material of S. involucrate 100 g,soaking for 20 min,decocting for 3 times,12,10 and 10 fold of water,decocting 45,30 and 30 min,respectively. The extraction transfer rates of chlorogenic acid and rutoside were 96.2%(RSD=2.66%,n=3)and 89.3%(RSD=3.31%,n=3)in verification test. CONCLUSIONS:For S. involucrate from different producing areas,the contents of effective components are different;optimized decoction and extraction technology is stable and feasible.
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Basically, Dao-di hers are produced in specific area which has a long history, good quality, good medicine, curative effect. However genuine medicinal material area in history is not static, this makes the establishment of genuine medicinal material origin and the in-depth research be very difficult. This paper has profoundly analyzed the origin of different historical periods taking Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza as examples, and then summarized the reasons of herbal origin changes from the humanities, social and natural three aspects. This paper provides a basis for establishment and the further research of high-quality genuine producing area.
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Objective To evaluate the quality of Hedysari Radix from different producing areas in Gansu Province by setting Hedysari Radix from different producing areas in Gansu Province as study subjects and trace elements in Hedysari Radix as evaluation indexes; To provide the references for establishment of the quality standards of Hedysari Radix.Methods The content of Fe, Cu, Ca, Mn, Zn, Mg, Cr, Co, Na, Li, Ni and K in Hedysari Radix were detected by using flame atomic absorbption method. Data were analyzed by the factor analysis conducted by SPSS21.0 software. The common factors were extracted by principal component and analytic function for quality comprehensive ranking was established.ResultsThree common factors were extracted, namely F1, F2, and F3. The quality function was Y=0.657F1+0.119F2+0.089F3. Cr, Li, Co, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mg were the characteristic trace elements of Hedysari Radix that could affect the quality of Hedysari Radix. When the quality of Hedysari Radix was evaluated by the contents of trace elements, the quality of wild Hedysari Radix were better than cultivated Hedysari Radix and the quality rank was consistent with the idea that Longnan is the main producing area of Hedysari Radix. The quality of samples from Dingxi area was better.Conclusion The quality evaluation of Hedysari Radix based on trace elements shows the differences in Hedysari Radix from different producing areas in Gansu Province and the results are relatively reasonable.
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OBJECTIVE:To analyze the chemical components of the essential oil from Cnidium monnieri from Anhui versus Henan by GC-MS.METHODS:The essential oil was extracted from Cnidium monnieri by steam distillation;the chemical components of the essential oil were detected by GC-MS;the relative contents of the chemical components were computed using area normalization method.Peaks were separated by capillary GC-MS and their corresponding compounds were identified.RESULTS:36 chief components from Cnidium monnieri from Anhui and 45 from that from Henan were identified.28 components were noted in both.There was great difference between the two Cnidium monnieri.CONCLUSION:This study serves as a scientific basis for the further exploitation and utilization of Cnidium monnieri.